Neutron stars

[mccoy]

Neutron stars are the densest objects known in the universe. They are missed black holes, in the sense that gravity does not reach the no-escape value for the velocity  as occurs in black hole, but we know-nothing about what's inside a black hole. Whereas we can study the inside of neutron stars.

This is the Wikipedia concise description of a neutron star:

A neutron star is the collapsed core of a massive supergiant star, which had a total mass of between 10 and 25 solar masses, possibly more if the star was especially metal-rich.[1] Except for black holes and some hypothetical objects (e.g. white holes, quark stars, and strange stars), neutron stars are the smallest and densest currently known class of stellar objects.[2] Neutron stars have a rakilometerse order of 10 kilometres (6 mi) and a mass of about 1.4 solar masses.[3] They result from the supernova explosion of a massive star, combined with gravitational collapse, that compresses the core past white dwarf star density to that of atomic nuclei.

The compression of matter inside a neutron star is immense. Electrons and protons are transformed into neutrons packed extremely tightly.

The density of a neutron star is estimated in the average to be about 5*10¹⁷ kg/m³. The density of water is 1*10³ kg/m³.

To have an idea, if we scoop a teaspoon (5 milliliters) of a neutron star, the content of the teaspoon would weigh (on earth) 5 trillion kilograms, about 11 trillion pounds, just about the mass of a small mountain.

Neutron stars are extremely smooth since gravity does not allow asperity on them and the surface is extremely hard, billions of times the hardness of steel.

Some neutron stars called magnetars have an extremely intense magnetic field, which causes starquakes with fractures of the hard surface and emission of gamma-ray bursts, visible as huge balls of fire trapped by the magnetic field and causing the effect of a pulsating flashlight.

Neutron stars have been observed to collide in 2017 (LIGO gravitational waves and subsequent direct observations of electromagnetic radiations). Such a cataclysm is called Kilonova, or supernova neutron-burst. During such events it is believed that most heavy elements (gold, platinum, Osmium, and Iridium) are formed by a process called R-process, rapid capture of neutrons.

The numbers are huge, from Wiki: 

Current astrophysical models suggest that a single neutron star merger event may have generated between 3 and 13 Earth masses of gold.[31]

Mst
Kilonovae is evidently the way God planned to provide the universe with very heavy elements.

Most of the elements we are composed of, including iron in the blood, are all the result of extreme cataclysmic reactions that occurred during the explosions or collisions of stars. The cosmogenic origin of elements is another fascinating topic, worth of its own thread

[mccoy]

A rendition of the electromagnetic field of a (fastly) rotating neutron star.

[mccoy]

The layers of a neutron star (one of the many models proposed)



It is still hypothesized what could be the matter state of the core of a neutron star. Some of the models proposed are the free quark-gluon state, something called a Bose-Einstein condensate, last a hyperon state, where neutrons (made up of one up quark and two down quarks) are substituted by Hyperions, particles made up of one up, one down and one strange quark.

[Jitendra Hydonus]

20 km (12 miles)
Neutron stars are typically about 20 km (12 miles) in diameter. Their masses range between 1.18 and 1.97 times that of the Sun, but most are 1.35 times that of the Sun. Thus, their mean densities are extremely high—about 10 14 times that of water.
neutron star | Definition, Size, Density, Te…
www.britannica.com/science/neutron-star

[mccoy]

Steve, the Britannica does a good job to underline some characteristics of this extreme object of nature.

Just to clarify a couple of concepts:

Our sun is 864,000 miles (1392000 km) in diameter. A neutron star with the same mass of our sun would have a diameter of about 10 km = 6 miles.
Consequently, the measure by which the mass is compressed is huge. 10¹⁴ times the density of water means 10 followed by 14 zeros, so, if I'm not wrong, 100 trillion times the density of water, that is, a 2-pints bottle with neutron star material inside would weigh (on the earth surface) 100 trillions kilograms or 220 trillions of pounds. Good luck trying to lift that bottle!

These are the orders of magnitude:

Sun average density= 1.4 times the density of water

Sun average density= 5.5 times the density of water

Neutron star average density= 100 trillion times the density of water

The interesting side of neutron star is that many aspects of it can be studies since some information is sent outside, whereas the inner part of black holes remains completely unknown.

[Jitendra Hydonus]

Mccoy you have such a deep understanding and interest in science, astronomy and some of the sciences related to these fields. I wonder; do you remember or think that any of these interests are a replay of past dramas on earth?

We are currently experiencing a great resurgence in science on our earth since the dawn of Aquarius ♒️ and our progress through the beginning of the Bronze Age. I believe you have many contributions that can help us navigate this period with some degree of spiritual direction and not fall prey to the misuse of science which happened during the Atlantis and Lumerian periods in Mother Earth’s past.

[mccoy]

Steve, I just enjoy going into the details of some topics. I enjoy the understanding. Maybe I was a clergyman in the past, one of the very few categories which had access to books and knowledge!

I've always been curious about cosmology, astronomy, and particle physics in general and now, with the abundance of material available on the internet, I'm taking advantage of it. I am surprised by the high quality of some podcasts we can listen to simply by research on youtube. Eminent scientists, some of them Nobel prize winners, like Roger Penrose and Kip Thorne, explain often in very accessible words the topics they have been studying for decades. Such topics they have been able to draw from God's vast spheres of thought, the ideas present in the causal realm which constitute the blueprint of the material world. Roger Penrose himself keeps saying that such ideas, the mathematics included, are just discovered and not invented by man.

So, what is fascinating about these topics is that they underline the architecture of Creation itself.

In the end of it, in my considerate opinion, it seems impossible to deny that there is an intelligent design in the universe. Too many incredible details and fine-tuning either at the huge scale of the cosmos and at the hugely small scale of subatomic particles. Enormously complex systems in biology, like molecular machines, simply cannot have developed by chance. To think so is an insult to human intelligence. Even though many scientists just declare that it is stupid to think that a Creator may exist. Interestingly enough, they think we are stupid that we believe in a Creator and we may think that they are fools that they believe in pure chance.