This was true of the astronomer Galileo Galilei (1564–1642), whose improved design of an optical telescope allowed him to discover the four largest moons of Jupiter in 1609–1610. These Galilean moons were the first satellites found to orbit a planet other than Earth. Galileo also discovered Saturn’s rings in 1610. Both discoveries provided key evidence in favor of the model of heliocentrism, developed by Nicolaus Copernicus and published in 1543, which displaced the previous, dogmatic and incorrect, geocentric model of the universe. According to a popular legend, after recanting under persecution his theory that the Earth moved around the sun, Galileo allegedly muttered the rebellious phrase “And yet it moves.” Galileo also complained that some of the philosophers who opposed his discoveries had refused even to look through his telescope and see the mountains on the moon or the four largest moons of Jupiter. Let us not repeat their mistake. Admitting that our knowledge is incomplete would allow us to complete our knowledge.
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